WaterTeck
Water Purification Systems Over 25 Years Experience
Iron and Manganese Removal System (Ion Exchange)
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IRON
Iron and Manganese are one of the most common elements in the earth, that is why is very frequent to find them present in well water.
The levels and types of iron are different from one well to another and the type of treatment will determined by the analysis of iron in solution, iron in suspension and concentration.
Negative effects
The presence of iron in water is not considered to be a health hazard, but it will cause:
- Orange/brown staining on sanitary ware, laundry, etc
- Brown deposits in pipes
- Very low taste threshold
Solution
- Ion exchange: Substituting an acceptable ion (such as sodium) for soluble iron
- Manganese Greensand
- Ozonation: A specialized form of aeration using ozone
- DMI-65: Silica sand based filtration media
Benefits of Treating
- Saving time spent to clean sanitary ware
- Saving money spent on detergents
- Saving money and time spend on changing pipes
- Better taste of water
- No colour in water
- Nice looking sanitary ware
- Good water taste
MANGANESE
Negative effects
At high concentration in water it will cause:
- An unpleasant taste
- Deposits on food during cooking
- Stains on sanitary ware
- discoloration of laundry
- Deposits on plumbing fittings and cooking utensils
Solution
The removal of manganese from water supplies is often done in conjunction with iron removal.
Benefits of Treating
- Health
- Pleasure
- Satisfaction
- Nice looking and tasting food and water
- Saving time spent to clean sanitary ware
- Saving money spent on detergents
- Saving money and time spend on changing pipes
- Saving money on clothes
Rain Water Tanks
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Rainwater Harvesting systems for domestic and other uses like schools, gymnasiums and offices.
We stock all the components needed for your Rainwater Harvesting systems, including tanks,pumps, pipes, filters and Ultraviolet sterilization.
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Peripheral Pumps
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They are recommended for pumping clean water and liquids that are chemically non aggressive to the materials from which the pump is made.
JSW SELF-PRIMING PUMPS ARE DESIGNED FOR SUCTION LIFTS AND CAN BE POSITIONED ABOVE THE WATER SOURCE, INCLUDING APPLICATIONS WITH AIR ENTRAINED IN THE WATER. DUE TO THEIR RELIABILITY AND LOW MAINTENANCE, THEY ARE RECOMMENDED FOR DOMESTIC USE, INCLUDING WATER DISTRIBUTION (AS PART OF A PRESSURE SET), GARDEN IRRIGATION, ETC.
The pumps must be installed in enclosed places, or at least protected against inclement weather.
CONSTRUCTION CHARACTERISTICS
PUMP BODY: cast iron, with threaded ports ISO 228/1.
BODY BACK-PLATE: stainless steel AISI 304.
EJECTOR ASSEMBLY: technopolymer (approved for drinking water).
IMPELLER: brass.
MOTOR SHAFT: stainless steel EN 10088-3 - 1.4104.
MECHANICAL SEAL: ceramic - graphite -NBR.
ELECTRIC MOTOR: the pumps are close-coupled to a carefully matched PEDROLLO electric motor, quiet running, totally enclosed fan cooled (TEFC), suitable for continuous duty..
JSWm: single-phase 230 V - 50 Hz with capacitor and thermal overload protector.
JSW: three-phase 230/400 V - 50 Hz.
INSULATION: class F.
PROTECTION: IP 44.
Submersible Pumps
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A submersible pump is a pump which has a hermetically sealed motor close-coupled to the pump body. The whole assembly is submerged in the fluid to be pumped. The main advantage of this type of pump is that it prevents pump cavitation, a problem associated with a high elevation difference between pump and the fluid surface. Cavitation results in damage to the pump and occurs where pressure at the pump inlet is too low causing the fluid to vapourise inside the pump body. Submersible pumps also are easily primed (removing air from the suction line) compared to other alternatives.
A system of mechanical seals are used to prevent the fluid being pumped from entering the motor and causing a short circuit. The pump can either be connected to a pipe, flexible hose or lowered down guide rails or wires so that the pump sits on a “ducks foot” coupling, thereby connecting it to the delivery pipework.
Submersible pumps are found in many applications. Single stage pumps are used for drainage, sewage pumping, general industrial pumping and slurry pumping. They are also popular with aquarium filters. Multiple stage submersible pumps are typically lowered down a borehole and used for water abstraction or in water wells.
Merlin Reverse Osmosis
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The Merlin is a point of use reverse osmosis system that provides
continuous, on-demand water. It features a breakthrough high
flow-rate technology developed by GE Infrastructure Water & Process
Technologies. The Merlin RO system is designed for residential use
and light commercial applications including:
• Restaurants
• Coffee Shops
• Aquariums
• Grocery Misters.
The Merlin system is the most revolutionary innovation in point-of-use
RO technology since the first such units were introduced. Water
treatment professionals can now offer their residential and light
commercial customers an exclusive improvement over other water
purification methods.
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
The Merlin uses a new, patented membrane element technology that
provides flow rates up to five times greater than standard home RO
membranes. The membrane element is designed to work from 40-80
psi (2.7-5.5 bar) inlet water pressure and 40-100°F (4.4-37.8°C) water
temperature. The Merlin performs better as pressure and temperature
increase. Ideally, pressures will be higher than 50 psi (3.4 bar) and
temperatures will be higher than 50°F (10°C).
Merlin Reverse Osmosis (RO) Drinking Water System is a water
treatment unit. It uses water pressure to reverse a natural physical
process called osmosis. Water, under pressure, is forced through a semipermeable
membrane to filter out minerals and impurities. Treated
drinking water goes to the faucet. Minerals and impurities are sent to the
drain with RO waste water.
The system includes replaceable filters and membrane elements. The
prefilter reduces sand, silt, dirt, rust particles, other sediments, and
chlorine from the water supply before they enter the RO membrane
elements. The postfilter reduces any tastes and/or odors that may remain
in the water after passing through the RO membrane elements.
Related Documents for Download
Commercial Ozone System
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Ozone (O3), one of nature’s basic elements, is a very powerful disinfecting and deodorizing gas consisting of oxygen (O2) with an extra oxygen atom attached, therefore becoming ozone (O3). When oxygen in the air is exposed to high intensity ultraviolet rays, ozone is created (such as our sun creating the ozone layer). When ozone does it’s job, it oxidizes by giving up and attaching it’s extra oxygen atom to anything that can be oxidized. Once this process occurs, the ozone molecule becomes oxygen (O3 - O = O2). Thus, the only by-product of ozone is pure oxygen. In fact, ozone reverts to pure oxygen quite rapidly and naturally: The half life of ozone in air is on the order of hours and on the order of minutes when dissolved in water. Additionally, ozone dissolves over 12 times more readily into water than pure oxygen, then reverts to oxygen, providing hundreds of times more dissolved oxygen in your water than could otherwise be possible. This high oxygen content of your water provides many of the benefits made possible with the Triple O system.
THE BENEFITS OF OZONE:
Municipal water companies have used ozone technology to treat large quantities of water for many years because of its effectiveness in purifying and conditioning water.
Triple O Systems has selected ozone technology for use in treating well/tank water because of its unique properties to:
Domestic Ozone Machine
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Ozone (O3), one of nature’s basic elements, is a very powerful disinfecting and deodorizing gas consisting of oxygen (O2) with an extra oxygen atom attached, therefore becoming ozone (O3). When oxygen in the air is exposed to high intensity ultraviolet rays, ozone is created (such as our sun creating the ozone layer). When ozone does it’s job, it oxidizes by giving up and attaching it’s extra oxygen atom to anything that can be oxidized. Once this process occurs, the ozone molecule becomes oxygen (O3 - O = O2). Thus, the only by-product of ozone is pure oxygen. In fact, ozone reverts to pure oxygen quite rapidly and naturally: The half life of ozone in air is on the order of hours and on the order of minutes when dissolved in water. Additionally, ozone dissolves over 12 times more readily into water than pure oxygen, then reverts to oxygen, providing hundreds of times more dissolved oxygen in your water than could otherwise be possible. This high oxygen content of your water provides many of the benefits made possible with the Triple O system.
THE BENEFITS OF OZONE:
Municipal water companies have used ozone technology to treat large quantities of water for many years because of its effectiveness in purifying and conditioning water.
Triple O Systems has selected ozone technology for use in treating well/tank water because of its unique properties to:
Kill bacteria on contact thousands of times faster than chlorine or bromine.
Kill virus on contact.
Kill algae spores, fungus, mold and yeast spores.
Precipitate heavy metals.
Remove excess iron, manganese, and sulfur by a process known as micro-flocculation, thus conditioning the water naturally without chemical additives.
Remove color and odor, leaving a fresh, healthy bouquet.
Reduce scale build-up on equipment such as pipes and water heaters, and staining of showers, sinks, bathtubs and toilets .
Ozone leaves no residue, it’s only by-product is pure oxygen.
Biokube
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How does BioKube clean sewagewater?
The BioKube Biological wastewater treatment system is a compact biological purification system, consisting of 3 identical units. Each unit has one section with submerged filters and an aeration system (coarse bubble aeration), and one section for sedimentation.
Micro-organisms growing on the submerged bio-block® filter degrades the dissolved organic load.
The submerged filter process is known to be one of the most stable techniques for treatment of wastewater in smaller quantitiesfor up between 5 and 5.000 people. This is due to the fact, that such a system can function even though the amount of inflowing wastewater varies greatly in incoming amounts. This is the case in smaller villages, hotels, vacation houses etc.
The largest system we have designed is for 7.500 persons.
The BioKube cleaning proces Step by Step:
1. Break down of Hydrogen Sulphide.
First it is important to prevent Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) from reaching the AWTS (Aerated Wastewater Treatment System), as this will damage or at best hamper the bacteria needed for the cleaning process in the first cleaning chamber. H2S is always produced by bacteria living in sewage water deficient in oxygen, which is the case in a pre-settlement tank. The unique process in the BioKube AWTS (See our patent) makes it possible for us to break down the Hydrogen Sulphide in the pre-settlement tank, thus preventing it from reaching the AWTS. The fact that our patented method eliminates H2S already in the pre-settlement tank reduces the bad smell of Hydrogen Sulphide in the wastewater cleaning system to an absolute minimum.
2. Break down of organic material.
The wastewater is pumped from the pre-settlement-tank (septic tank) into the first AWTS cleaning chamber at precisely timed intervals (See our patent) One of the keys to our unique and stable cleaning process is based on our precise control of the inflow of the sewage water to be cleaned. The wastewater flows through the bio filter blocks, where the heterotrophic bacteria break down the organic material in the wastewater. From here the wastewater is led through a clarification chamber, where the wastewater moves slowly, and the sludge settles through gravitation. From this chamber the water flows into the second section, where this process repeats itself.
3. Break down of ammonium/ammonia nitrogen (nitrification).
From the clarification chamber of the second section, the water gravitates into the third section. Here we find the autotrophy micro-organisms, which break down the ammonium/ammonia nitrogen. This process is called nitrification. From the clarification chamber of the third section, the treated water is discharged back into nature as cleaned. The water is now so clean, that it can be led directly into a lake or stream. You can also use it for irrigation or similar purposes.
4. Removal of sludge.
The sludge, which settles in each section, is pumped back to the pre-settlement tank (septic tank) several times a day. From the pre-settlement tank the sludge should be removed once or twice a year in order to prevent any clogging.
5. Removal of Phosphorus.
The BioKube AWTS can be equipped with a phosphorus precipitation kit, if it is required that the system removes phosphorus. Phosphorus is removed by adding an Aluminum chloride to the sludge, as it is returned to the pre-settlement tank thereby creating non-dissolvable salt, which stays in the pre-settlement tank until it is emptied once or twice a year (See our patent)
Sewage water is increasingly complicated.
In order to maintain or restore optimal conditions in our waters (streams) we have to reduce nutrients, chemicals and foreign compounds to the environment, which today are discharged with wastewater from the households.
The composition of the household wastewater is now more complex than 10 years ago. During the last decade the water consumption per person has dropped significantly. But the low wastewater flow results in a higher concentration of chemicals used for cleaning in the households.
The combination of less wastewater with a higher concentration of chemicals and environmentally foreign compounds, demands an intensified treatment process. BioKube AWTS is designed to handle such an advanced wastewater treatment process.
We use natural bacteria.
A BioKube AWTS is designed so that it employs natural principles for treating the wastewater.
In nature, our water streams treat the wastewater. This happens as the water moves and thus is aerated, and thereby is provided with oxygen. The oxygen is used by the micro-organisms, which live on stones and plants in the stream. This enhances the conditions for the microbiology to break down the pollution, which may be in the water.
No add-ons to nature.
The BioKube AWTS has optimized the process, so that the concentration of micro-organisms, oxygen and nutrients always are in an optimal balance.
A BioKube AWTS takes the normal irregularities of the flow of wastewater from an individual or few households into account, e.g. high flows in the morning and in the evening, or no inflow of wastewater at all because the family is on vacation. Irregular flows of wastewater result in a great strain on the micro-organisms during the cleansing process. BioKube’s process control unit (See our patent)balances out the flow of the wastewater over 24 hours. This is done by pumping the wastewater from the inlet-well in small quantities and regular intervals into the AWTS. The micro-organisms are therefore offered optimal operating conditions, and treat the wastewater more efficiently than in any other solutions.
See here documentation for our excellent cleaning process.
BioKube has since June 2004 had independant laboratory tests conducted on water samples from 4 BioKube AWTS every 14 days.
We perform these tests also to document that BioKube very stable and constant cleaning process is not affected by yearly variations such as winter temperatures below freezing or long vacation periods where no sewage water is produced.
BioKube performs yearly service on all installed BioKube AWTS. As part of this obligatory yearly service we conduct laboratory analyze on water samples from all plants.
We can hereby document, that the stability of our cleaning process is not affected by specific individual conditions in a house such as few or many inhabitants, individual use of household chemicals or other specifics.
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Quantum DMI 65
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The DMI-65 is revolutionary the most advanced catalytic water filtration media that has extremely high capabilities of removing both Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) simultaneously through low cost catalytic oxidation and retention of precipitate. The DMI-65 will also remove arsenic from a water supply given the correct conditions.
The DMI-65 is one of the fewer catalytic water filtration media's in the world developed to remove iron and manganese that is certified to NSF/ANSI 61 for drinking water applications
Advantages of Quantum DMI 65
- Filtration speed at up to twice the amount of ordinary filtration
- No chemical regeneration required, a continuous injection of Sodium Hypochlorite ensures DMI65 is constantly activated during normal operation and backwashing
- Superior reduction capabilities of Iron and Manganese concentrations
- Long life material
- Stable performance in a wide range of temperature and pH applications
- Coagulants not necessary other than for special applications
Water Quality Association Gold Seal Product Certification
Quantum Filtration Medium's DMI-65 product has been tested and certified by the Water Quality Association.
IRON
Threats
The presence of iron and in water is not considered health problem.
It will cause:
• orange/brown staining on sanitary ware, laundry etc.
• brown deposit in pipes.
• very low taste threshold
Solution
• Ion Exchange: Substituting an acceptable ion (such as sodium) for soluble iron.
• Manganese Greensand
• Ozonation:
A specialized form of aeration using ozone to convert soluble iron.
• DMI-65:
Silica sand based filtration media
Benefits of treating
• Saving time spend to clean sanitary ware
• Saving money spend on detergents
• Saving money and time spend on changing pipes
• Better taste of water
• No colour in water
• Nice looking sanitary ware
• Satisfaction
MANGANESE
Threats
At high concentrations in water it will cause:
• an unpleasant taste,
• deposits on food during cooking,
• stains on sanitary ware,
• discoloration of laundry,
• deposits on plumbing fittings and cooking utensils,
• will foster the growth of micro-organisms in water supply systems
Solution
The removal of manganese from water supplies is often done in conjunction with iron removal.
Benefits of treating
• Health
• Pleasure
• Satisfaction
• Nice looking and tasting food and water
• Saving time spend to clean sanitary ware
• Saving money spend on detergents
• Saving money and time spend on changing pipes
• Saving money on clothes
ARSENIC
Threats
Arsenic in drinking water causes bladder, lung and skin cancer, and may cause kidney and liver cancer. The study also found that arsenic harms the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as heart and blood vessels, and causes serious skin problems. It also may cause birth defects and reproductive problems.
Solution
Boiling water or chlorine disinfection will not remove arsenic.
There are several types of point-of-use, in home filters that can be used to remove arsenic from drinking water, which use methods such as reverse osmosis, ultra-filtration, and ion exchange. Distilling the water can also be used to remove arsenic.
Benefits of treating
• Safety
• Health
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pH Correction
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Basically, the pH value determines whether water is hard or soft. The pH of pure water is 7. In general, water with a pH lower than 7 is considered acidic, and with a pH greater than 7, basic. The normal range for pH in surface water systems is 6.5 to 8.5 and for groundwater systems 6 to 8.5. Alkalinity is a measure of the capacity of the water to resist a change in pH that would tend to make the water more acidic. The measurement of alkalinity and pH is needed to determine the corrosiveness of the water.
In general, water with a low pH (< 6.5) could be acidic, soft, and corrosive. Therefore, the water could contain metal ions such as iron, manganese, copper, lead etc. This can cause premature damage to metal piping, and have associated aesthetic problems such as a metallic or sour taste, staining of laundry, and the characteristic "blue-green" staining of sinks and drains. More importantly, there are health risks associated with these toxins.
Water with a pH > 8.5 could indicate that the water is hard. Hard water does not pose a health risk, but can cause aesthetic problems. These problems include an alkali taste to the water (making that morning coffee taste bitter!), formation of a deposit on dishes, utensils, and laundry basins, difficulty in getting soaps and detergents to lather, and formation of insoluble precipitates on clothing.
LOW pH
Threats
Water with a low pH can be acidic, soft and corrosive.
This water can:
• leach metals from pipes and fixtures, such as copper, iron, lead, manganese and zinc.
• cause damage to metal pipes
• cause aesthetic problems, such as a metallic or sour taste,
• cause laundry staining
• blue-green stains in sinks and drains.
Solution
• Ash Soda filter
The advantages are:
- the owner does not have to do anything
- the pH of the water will not rise above 7.2.
Benefits of treating
• Health
• Pleasure
• Satisfaction
• Nice tasting water
• Saving time spend to clean sanitary ware
• Saving money spend on detergents
• Saving money and time spend on changing pipes
• Saving money on clothes
HIGH pH
Threats
• Formation of a "scale" or precipitate on piping and fixtures causing water pressures and interior diameter of piping to decrease;
• Causes an alkali taste to the water and can make coffee taste bitter;
• Formation of a scale or deposit on dishes, utensils, and laundry basins;
• Difficulty in getting soaps and detergents to foam and formation of insoluble precipitates on clothing, etc.;
• Decreases efficiency of electric water heaters
Solution
Water Softeners are used to treat hard water. They work by replacing the calcium and magnesium in the water with either potassium or sodium. Our well water softeners will also remove large amounts of iron and manganese
Benefits of treating
• Washing machine and dishwasher last longer
• Cleaning-supply costs are reduced by 50% to 75%.
• Water flow and pressure are improved
• Water heater efficiency is increased
• Shower, tub and sink cleaning is easier.
• Skin feels smoother after showers and baths.
• Hair is softer and more manageable
Manganese Greensand
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Manganese greensand is a specially processed medium for iron, manganese, and hydrogen sulphide removal. This premium non-proprietary filter medium is processed from glauconitic greensand on which a shiny, hard finite thickness manganese oxide coating is formed and is firmly attached on every grain by a controlled process.
In the years prior to World War II, researchers in the water treatment field working with well-known chemical theories of oxidation and reduction sought and developed a basic technology of manufacturing manganese greensand from the mineral glauconite.
The Greensand Process
This process utilises the ion exchange properties of greensand to form a manganese base material, which is converted to manganese oxides by oxidation with potassium permanganate. The material has a high buffering or oxidation-reduction capacity due to the well-defined manganese oxide coating. The manganese greensand can oxidise over 300 grains of manganese per cubic foot or reduce over 1 oz. of potassium permanganate per cubic foot.
The grains of manganese greensand are of both the size and shape to capture the fine precipitates of iron and manganese, which pass through the upper coarse anthracite layer during normal service conditions.
A true manganese greensand process requires no detention time, no filter media, no high concentration of chlorine, and no sulphur dioxide.
Manganese greensand is catalytic by nature and is not soluble. There is no increase in the total dissolved solids of the treated water, and it is not necessary to backwash manganese greensand every time the well pump starts up.
The manganese greensand process has been used in the United States since the 1950s. During the early years of its use, Hungerford & Terry, Inc. of Clayton, New Jersey, worked to improve the process and eventually developed the Ferrosand® CR Process, patented in 1965.
The Ferrosand Filter has been used since then by thousands of municipalities and industrial customers world-wide.
Ferrosand Filter Media is manufactured to exact specifications to ensure the complete oxidation of soluble iron, manganese, and arsenic using stoichiometric quantities of oxidising agents, without the need for long reaction times or elevated pH levels. (For arsenic removal, a prefeed of ferric chloride may be required.)
As a filter media it operates on the chemical principal of oxidation and reduction, and the well-known catalytic effects of manganese oxides.
A major benefit of Ferrosand, attributed to its unique chemical properties, is that it can be used in two distinct methods of operation. This allows for flexibility in the design of the water treating equipment, with specific features tailored to the raw water characteristics.
Two Methods of Design, Operation
1. Ferrosand CR for Iron Removal
The Ferrosand Continuous Regeneration (CR) process is used primarily when iron removal is the objective, with or without the presence of manganese. For more than 25 years in thousands of installations, this technology has proven to be the most cost effective design when iron predominates in the raw water.
The CR method uses a continuous pre-feed of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) or a combination of chlorine (CL2) and KMnO4 to the raw water prior to contacting the Ferrosand Filter. Soluble iron and manganese are oxidised to the insoluble form and filtered out by a dual media anthracite / Ferrosand bed.
Due to the unique chemical and physical properties of the Ferrosand, attributable to the multivalent manganese oxide coating covering the greensand grains, iron and manganese are removed to levels required by the Safe Water Drinking Act or process requirements.
Manganese oxide has a well known catalytic effect on the oxidation of soluble iron and manganese, and also provides a redox buffer capable of either oxidising remaining traces of iron and manganese, or reducing excess KMnO4 as required.
This not only ensures the consistent removal of iron and manganese, but also maintains the Ferrosand in a regenerated state, without the need for batch KMnO4 regeneration.
2. Ferrosand IR for Manganese Removal
For groundwaters containing only manganese, or manganese with lesser amounts of iron, the Intermittent Regeneration (IR) process may be in order. It allows for extended run lengths with a minimum amount of head loss during the filter run. In the IR process, a filter bed of Ferrosand is periodically regenerated with a solution of KMnO4. The frequency of regeneration is contingent upon the concentration of raw water manganese and the volume of water treated.
During the service cycle, manganese is removed by utilising the oxidative capacity of the Ferrosand. Oxidation of the soluble manganese occurs directly on the Ferrosand grains, becoming an integral part of the manganese oxide coating.
ADVANTAGES
• Iron reduction over wide pH range
• Effective reduction of hydrogen sulphide in addition to iron and/or manganese
• No harmful effects from a chlorine feed
• Low attraction for long bed life
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• Colour: Black
• Bulk Density: 85 Ibs./cu. Ft
• Specific Gravity: 2.4-2.9
• Effective Size: 0.30-0.35
• Uniformity Coefficient: 1.6
• Mesh Size: 16-60
• Attrition Loss Per Year: 2%
CONDITIONS FOR OPERATION
• Water pH range: 6.2-8.5
• Maximum water temperature: 80°F/26.7°C
• Bed depth: 30 in.
• Freeboard: 50% of bed depth (min.)
• Regeneration: 1.5-2 oz of KmnO4 by weight per cu. ft.
• Service flow rate: 3-5 gpm/sq.ft., 8-10 gpm/sq. ft. intermittent flow possible
• Backwash flow rate: 10-12-gpm/sq. ft.
• Backwash bed expansion: 40% of bed depth (min)
• Maximum practical limit of iron (Fe++) or manganese (Mn++) in raw water:15ppm
• Maximum practical limit of hydrogen sulphide (H2S): 5 ppm
INTERMITTENT REGENERATIONS
• 10,000 gallons of water containing 1mg/L Iron per cu. ft. regeneration
• 5,000 gallons of water containing 1mg/L Manganese per cu. ft. regeneration
• 2,000 gallons of water containing 1mg/L Hydrogen Sulphide per cu. ft. regeneration
• For dilute solutions mg/L=ppm
• 37,850 mg KmnO4 demand
• KmnO4 demand = [1 x mg/L Fe] + [2 x mg/L Mn] + [5 x mg/L H2S]
Reverse Osmosis
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Reverse osmosis drinking water system is used most commonly to purify water. It does this by removing salts and other impurities to result in improved colours, better taste, and improved properties of the water. It can also be used to purify other fluids such as: glycol and ethanol.
Reverse osmosis uses a semi permeable membrane. The semi permeable membrane (Pict. 3) allows the fluid that is being purified to pass through the membrane. As it does this, it rejects the contaminants that remain. It utilises a technology known as cross flow. Cross flow allows the membrane to continually clean itself off. As fluid passes through the membrane, some of it continues downstream. This causes the rejected and unwanted particles to be pushed away from the membrane.
Reverse osmosis requires a strong driving force to push the fluid through the membrane.
Reverse osmosis successfully treats water with dissolved minerals and metals such as aluminium, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chloride, chromium, copper, fluoride, magnesium, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nitrate, selenium, silver, sulphate, and zinc. RO is also effective with asbestos, many taste, colour and odour-producing chemicals, particulates, total dissolved solids, turbidity, and radium. When using appropriate activated carbon pre-filtering (commonly included with most RO systems), additional treatment can also be provided for such "volatile" contaminants (VOCs) as benzene, MTBE, trichloroethylene, trihalomethanes, and radon. Essentially, reverse osmosis is capable of rejecting bacteria, salts, sugars, proteins, particles, dyes, heavy metals and chlorine.
WATER FILTER CARTRIDGES (Pict. 2)
1. (Stage 1) 5-Micron Sediment water Filter: With only five-micron rating. It is effective in removing dirt, rust and sand particles.
2. (Stage 2) Granular Activated Carbon water Filter: It takes out 99% of the chlorine and organic chemicals. It provides enhanced reduction of taste, odour, and colour.
3. (Stage 3) 1-Micron Sediment water Filter: With only 1 micron rating, provides effective filtration to protect your membrane.
4. (Stage 4) Reverse Osmosis Membrane: A thin film composite (TFC) high quality membrane. It removes the following hard water contaminants that may be present in your water: lead, cooper, barium, chromium, mercury, sodium, cadmium, fluoride, nitrite, nitrate, and selenium.
5. (Stage 5) Post Carbon water filter: This carbon post filter removes objectionable tastes and odours to enhance the quality of your drinking water. We are using NSF approved post carbon to guarantee the taste of water.
6.Easily connects to faucet with diverter valve
Drinking Water Filter
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Filter Cartridge,
GAC Carbon Inline 10"
GAC - Granulated Activated Carbon
Chlorine/Taste/Odour Reduction.
Dimensions: 10"
Chlorine Reduction: 6,000 litres
Nominal 5 micron rating.
Flow: 2 L/min
Max. Pressure: 125 PSI (0.86 MPa)
Max. temperature: 38º C
Ports: 1/4 NPT Female*
Replace after 12 months or 6000L.
Aeration system
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Aerators work by increasing the amount of surface area of air coming in contact with water. This may be achieved by passing air through water, as in an air diffusion aerator. In contrast, many aerators pass water through air, as in spray nozzle, cone tray, cascade, and coke tray aerators. Finally, forced draft aerators both pass air through water and water through air.
Aeration is the intimate exposure of water and air. It is a way of thoroughly mixing the air and water so that various reactions can occur between the components of the air and the components of the water.
Aeration removes or modifies the constituents of water using two methods - scrubbing action and oxidation. Scrubbing action is caused by turbulence, which results when the water and air mix together. The scrubbing action physically removes gases from solution in the water, allowing them to escape into the surrounding air. Scrubbing action will remove tastes and odours from water if relatively volatile gases and organic compounds cause the problem.
The efficiency of the aeration process depends almost entirely on the amount of surface contact between the air and water. This contact is controlled primarily by the size of the water droplet or air bubble.
The goal of an aerator is to increase the surface area of water coming in contact with air so that more air can react with the water. As air or water is broken up into smaller drops/bubbles or into thin sheets, the same volume of either substance has a larger surface area.
HYDROGEN SULPHIDE
Threats
Hydrogen sulphide is classified as a toxic chemical
Dissolved in water, it forms a very weak dibasic acid that is sometimes called hydrosulfuric acid, in high concentrations it will lead to almost instantaneous poisoning. High concentrations will result in the complete arrest of respiration. Exposure to lesser concentrations may result in nausea, stomach distress, belching and coughing. Moderate concentrations may result in eye irritation.
Solution
• DMI-65
• Manganese Greensand
• Aeration System
Benefits of treating
• Safety
• Health
• Clear water
Ultraviolet (UV) Water Sterilizer
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Ultraviolet (UV) water sterilizers are designed specifically to kill harmful micro-organisms such as bacteria and viruses in untreated water supplies (well water or private water systems). Ultraviolet (UV) systems are commonly installed by homeowners who have received a positive coliform, e.coli, cryptosporidium, or giardia water test result, as well as those with reason to suspect that they are at higher risk for such contamination, and those seeking to have peace of mind that there water is being properly disinfected prior to consumption. Ultraviolet water sterilizers are exploding in popularity due to their low maintenance requirements, ease of operation, economical purchase price and operating cost, and due to the fact that unlike other treatments designed for microbiological contaminants, UV does not introduce any harmful chemicals to your water. Germicidal spectrum UV light is often used to destroy harmful volatile organic compounds in industrial applications!
Advantages of UV treatment
Chemical free approach - no harmful bi-products or chemicals added to your water
Effectively kills bacteria, viruses, mold spores, fungi, oocysts (cryptosporidium and giardia) and other microbiological contaminants
Simple operation, limited maintenance, and easy installation
Low initial cost and ongoing operating cost relative to other treatment methods
The UV lamp, which is enclosed in a quartz sleeve, produces ultraviolet light that destroys waterborne pathogens such as bacteria and viruses by penetrating the cell wall and de-activating the DNA so they are unable to reproduce.
BACTERIA
Threats
Health symptoms may include diarrhea, cramps, nausea, possible jaundice, and associated headaches and fatigue.
Water contaminated with bacteria should not be used for drinking or cooking unless you boil it with a rolling boil for one minute or the water is disinfected by other means.
Coliforms The presence of these bacteria indicates that disease-causing microorganisms, known as pathogens, may enter the drinking water supply in the same way if one does not take preventive action. Drinking water should be free from coliform
Solution
• Boiling,
• Chlorination,
• Ultraviolet light,
• Microfiltration,
• Distillation
Bottled water is also an alternative for drinking and cooking until the problem can be corrected.
Benefits of treating
• Peace of mind
• Health
VIRUSES
Threats
Hepatitis A virus (HAV): is readily transmitted through water. HAV causes infectious hepatitis, an illness characterized by inflammation and necrosis of the liver.
Rotaviruses: cause acute gastroenteritis, especially in children
Adenoviruses: can infect both the intestine and the upper respiratory tract
Enteroviruses: can infect both the intestine and the upper respiratory tract.
Reoviruses: can infect both the intestine and the upper respiratory tract.
Solution
• Coagulation,
• Flocculation,
• Filtration
• UV
Benefits of treating
• Peace of mind
• Health
1 Micron Absolute Filters
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• Removes >99% Chlorine, Taste, and Odours
• Removes greater than 99.99% of 3-4 micron Cyst particles including: Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Entamoeba, and Toxoplasma organisms.
• Removes >99.9% of Cysts, Particulates, Turbidity (cloudiness), and fine sediments 1 micron in size or larger
• Removes >85% Cysts, Particulates, and Turbidity, 0.5 micron in size or larger.
1 Micron Absolute Filter Benefits:
• Excellent to improve water quality, taste, smell, and appearance.
• These filters deliver a tremendous volume of high performance filtration at a very economical price.
• Can be used for up to 12 months. Replace after 10,000 gals.
(That's 27 Gal. Per Day!)
• Excellent for well water treatment systems. (Cyst reduction).
• This filter does NOT support bacterial growth
• Well water purification note: For high sediment well water you should always put a 5 micron sediment filter or carbon and sediment filter in front of this filter.
Granular Activated Carbon
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There are two principal mechanisms by which activated carbon removes contaminants from water; absorption, and catalytic reduction, a process involving the attraction of negatively-charged contaminant ions to the positively-charged activated carbon. Organic compounds are removed by absorption and residual disinfectants such as chlorine and chloramines are removed by catalytic reduction.
Activated carbon adsorption proceeds through 3 basic steps
1. Substances adsorb to the exterior of the carbon granules
2. Substances move into the carbon pores
3. Substances adsorb to the interior walls of the carbon
Activated carbon filtration is very common in a number of home water treatment systems. It can be used as a standalone filter to reduce or eliminate bad taste and odour, chlorine, and many organic contaminants in municipal (pre-treated or chlorinated) water supplies to produce a significantly improved drinking water. It is also very commonly used as a pre-treatment as part of a reverse osmosis system to reduce many organic contaminants, chlorine, and other items that could foul the reverse osmosis membrane. 0.5 micron carbon block filters are commonly used to remove cysts such as giardia and cryptosporidium.
Activated carbon filters remove/reduce many volatile organic chemicals (VOC), pesticides and herbicides, as well as chlorine, benzene, trihalomethane (THM) compounds, radon, solvents and hundreds of other man-made chemicals found in tap water. Some activated carbon filters are moderately effective at removing some, but not all, heavy metals. In addition, densely compacted carbon block filters mechanically remove particles down to 0.5 micron, including Giardia and Cryptosporidium, turbidity and particulates. Although some iron, manganese, and hydrogen sulphide will be removed by these higher quality activated carbon filters, a manganese greensand iron reduction filter is generally preferred to remove these contaminants as the effectiveness of carbon filter against iron and manganese is generally short-lived if the contaminant concentration is high.
TASTE & ODOUR & COLOUR
Threats
Tastes and odours in drinking-water may be indicative of some form of pollution. An unusual taste or odour might be an indication of the presence of potentially harmful substances. The taste and odour of drinking-water should not be offensive to the consumer
Mouldy, musty, earthy, grassy or fishy taste or odour although harmless, it can affect the taste and smell of your drinking water even at very low
concentrations.
Colour -producing organic substances are not themselves thought to be harmful to health. However, they can react with chlorine to produce undesirable levels of chlorination by-products, including trihalomethanes. Most metals readily form complexes with humic substances in water, which can greatly increase their solubility.
Brown, red, orange or yellow water is usually caused by iron rust. While unpleasant and potentially damaging to clothes and fixtures, iron in drinking water is not a human health concern
Water treatment often includes:
• Storage,
• Slow Sand Filtration,
• Activated Carbon Filtration.
Activated carbon is a highly effective tool in water filters because it has enormous surface area and is highly porous - one pound of activated carbon has the surface area of
more than 100 acres.
Benefits of treating
• Ozonation is one of the most efficient agents in removing tastes and odours
• Health
• Safety
• Pleasure
• Clear and tasty water
Ceramic Filters
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Ceramic Filter
Ceramic water filters is designed to be used as a household point of use system. These filtration units offer the convenience and value of a pressurized source of water.
Reduces up to 99% of particulate lead, iron and hydrogen sulphides. Exclusive ceramic/carbon-block technology reduces >99.9999% of particles 0.9 micron absolute (0.5 absolute ANSI standard) and larger in size including pathogenic bacteria.
Removes asbestos fibbers, dirt, chlorine taste and odour, mold. Removes 100% cryptosporidium and giardia cysts.
WHY CHOOSE A CERAMIC WATER FILTER?
- Highly effective barrier to particles and pathogens: ceramic water filters have a pore structure which has an Absolute filtration rating (defined as >99.99%) of 0.9 microns (less than 1000 th of a millimeter). Therefore, the ceramic is capable of removing sub micron particles and pathogenic bacteria from drinking water.
· Long life: As confirmed by the user instructions supplied with the product, our ceramic drinking water filters may be cleaned in order to prolong the life of the product. In this way, the filter can be re-used rather than replaced, giving it a much longer life-span than many other products on the market.
· Self-sterilizing: Ceramics contain trace elements of silver. Silver inhibits microbiological growth, meaning that there is no need to sterilize.
- Natural: Ceramics are made from 100% natural elements. They do not add anything to the water they filter. This contributes to ceramics ability to pass the stringent NSF® testing procedures. Many other filter products add traces of chemicals to the water they filter.
- Long-term value: The extended life-span and effectiveness of ceramic water filters make them a low-cost investment in the long term.
- Minerals maintained: Using our ceramic drinking water filter does not remove those minerals from the water, which are beneficial to health.
- No power required: ceramic drinking water filters are some of the most versatile water treatment devices available today. They do not require electricity to function, which means that they are not vulnerable to interruption of power supplies, and can be used where there are no power supplies. They can be used literally anywhere in the world from an office block to a refugee camp.
Water Softeners
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What is hard water?
"Hard" simply means that the water contains more minerals than ordinary water, particularly calcium and magnesium.
Hardness (also known as lime) is the combination of calcium and magnesium carbonates, and sometimes high levels of metals can add into the total hardness in water, usually is reported as mg/l of Calcium Carbonate, and the following is a hardness guide:
0 - 75 mg/l is considered to be soft water
75 - 150 mg/l is moderately soft water
150 - 300 mg/l is hard water
300 mg/l or greater is considered to be very hard water
Hard water causes a higher risk of lime scale deposits in households water systems. Pipes are blocked and the efficiency of hot boilers and tanks are reduced increasing the energy cost of domestic water systems by about 15 - 20 %. Also interfering in dissolving soap and detergents in water, reducing the cleaning process of washing machines and increasing the usage of detergents. Chlorination and hard water will sometimes produce skin problems, particularly in people with sensitive skin.
Negative effects of hard water:
- Build up in pipes
- Increase of cost in water heating by 15 - 20 %
- Skin problems
- Life span of boilers are reduced
- Life span of laundry & dishwashing machines reduced
- Reduced life span of Solar heating systems
- Reduced life span of Air conditing units
- Reduced life span of all domestic appliances like kettles, coffee makers, irons, etc.
Water softeners are specific ion exchangers that are design to remove ion mainly calcium and magnesium. This type of softener is one of the most effective and common tools of removing calcium and magnesium from hard water. The way the system works is replacing the calcium and magnesium ions in the water with sodium; then it will collect them within its conditioning tank and from time to time flushes them away to drain. Softeners can operate automatic, semi-automatic or manual.
A good water softener will last many years; they need little maintenance filling them with salt occasionally.
The cost of water softeners greatly depends upon the type of water softener installed and the energy that is used, also depends in the hardness of the water that needs to be softened and the water usage. When the water is very hard and it is used heavily the cost of softening will increasee. The yearly estimate cost for running a softener in the average house is between € 40 - € 120, depending in the type of system, hardness of the water and usage.
Benefits of Water Softening
- Washing machine and dishwasher last longer
- Cleaning-supply costs are reduced
- Water flow and pressure are improved
- Water heater efficiency is increased
- Shower, tub and sink cleaning is easier.
- Skin feels smoother after showers and baths.
- Hair is softer and more manageable
- Reduction of the phosphate contamination in the environment
Generally the cost of water softeners are usually far outweighed by the benefits and cost savings obtained.